Candlestick

A candlestick is a way to display price data for a single time period — usually one trading day. Each candle captures four pieces of information: Open, High, Low, and Close (OHLC).

The Open is where the session began. The Close is where it ended. The High is the highest price reached during the session. The Low is the lowest. Four numbers, one candle — and from those four numbers, you can read the entire story of a trading session.

If you are familiar with bar charts, the transition is direct. Both show the same high-to-low range — a single vertical line on a bar, and a body with wicks above and below on a candle. The bar's two ticks (open and close) become the top and bottom of the candle's body. Candles add one thing: color. Green when the close is above the open. Red when below. Same data, less work to read.

Every candlestick has up to three visible parts: the body, the upper wick (also called the upper shadow), and the lower wick (lower shadow). Together, these three elements tell you everything that happened during the session.

Not every candle has all three parts. Some candles have no upper wick — meaning the close (or open) was the session high. Some have no lower wick — meaning the open (or close) was the session low. Some have almost no body at all, just wicks — those are called Doji candles, and they signal indecision. The presence or absence of each part is itself information.

The body is the most important part of the candle. It tells you two things at once: who won (color) and how decisively (size).

A large green body means buyers were in control from open to close. Price moved meaningfully higher, and there was little give-back along the way. The larger the body, the stronger the conviction behind the move.

A large red body tells the opposite story — sellers dominated the session. Price moved meaningfully lower and closed near the low. Again, the larger the body, the more one-sided the session was.

A small body — regardless of color — means neither side took clear control. The session opened and closed near the same price. This is indecision. It doesn't tell you which direction price will go next, but it tells you something important: the current side's grip is loosening.

If the body tells you who won the session, the wicks tell you who tried and failed. Every wick represents a price level that was reached during the session but couldn't be held by the close. That's rejection.

A long upper wick means price rallied during the session but sellers pushed it back down before the close. Buyers tried to take control of higher prices and were rejected. The longer the upper wick, the more forceful the rejection.

A long lower wick means price dropped during the session but buyers stepped in and pushed it back up. Sellers tried to establish lower prices and were rejected. This is the foundation of patterns like the Hammer — a long lower wick after a decline shows that buyers defended a level.

Long wicks on both sides mean the session was heavily contested. Price moved significantly in both directions but ended up near where it started. Neither buyers nor sellers could maintain control. These candles often appear at turning points — or during periods of genuine uncertainty.

No wicks at all — a candle where the open or close equals the high and low — is the most extreme signal. It means one side controlled the entire session from start to finish with zero pushback. These are rare, and they carry weight.

Before going further, it's worth being clear about the limits. A single candlestick — no matter how dramatic — can only tell you so much.

A single candle's meaning depends on the trend it appears in. A bullish-looking candle after a prolonged downtrend can signal exhaustion. The same candle in a sideways market is often just noise. Same shape, different story.

A single candle shifts probabilities — it doesn't guarantee outcomes. A strong bullish candle may increase the odds of a reversal, but it doesn't confirm one. A large bearish candle warns of weakness, not certainty. The candle raises the question. The next session, the volume, and the level it formed at begin to answer it. That's exactly why the rest of these guides exist.

A single candle doesn't tell you why. Was the move driven by earnings, macro news, or positioning? The candle shows who won the battle — not why it was fought.

This matters because beginners often overweight a single candle. They see a dramatic shape and treat it as a signal. Sometimes it is — but only in context. A candle is one sentence. You need the paragraph.

Three lenses turn a candle into a signal: volume, structure, and momentum. Each gets its own dedicated guide; this is the quick orientation.

Volume — how much conviction was behind the candle. A green candle on heavy volume means a crowd of buyers drove it. The same candle on light volume might just be noise. The metric to know: relative volume (rVol) — today's volume vs the stock's 20-day average. Read the Candlesticks + Volume guide →

Structure — the levels that give a candle's location meaning. Support, resistance, moving averages, and Fibonacci retracements are zones where buyers or sellers have historically shown up. A bullish candle bouncing off support is forming where buyers showed up before. A candle in open space has no anchor. Read the Candlesticks + Moving Averages guide →

Momentum — how stretched the move is. RSI runs from 0 to 100. Below 30 means selling has been exhausted; above 70 means buying has been exhausted. A reversal candle at an extreme deserves more attention. Read the Candlesticks + RSI guide →

Reading individual candles is the skill. Reading them in sequence is where that skill becomes useful. Let's look at a real chart and practice narrating what each candle is telling us — not as a trade setup, but as a story.

American Electric Power ($AEP) went through a multi-session decline in early October 2025. The chart below captures a sequence worth studying — not because there's a specific pattern to trade, but because the candles tell a clear narrative if you know how to read them.

Start from the left. You'll see a series of red candles — large bodies, small wicks. That's sellers in control, session after session. No contest. Each close is lower than the one before. This is what a decline looks like at the candle level: conviction from one side and silence from the other.

Then notice the shift. A particularly large red candle appears — the body stretches wider than the ones before it. This is capitulation energy: sellers are pressing hardest right when the move is most extended. Experienced traders pay attention when they see this because extremes tend to mark turning points, not continuations.

The next candle is the one that changes the story. It's small. The body is contained entirely within the previous candle's range. After sessions of aggressive selling, the market paused. Neither side pushed hard. The narrative shifted from "sellers in control" to "sellers paused." That single shift in body size is information.

What follows is recovery — green candles with growing bodies. Buyers start to show up. The wicks shorten on the upside, meaning buyers are holding their gains into the close rather than giving them back. The story, candle by candle, went from "aggressive selling" to "exhaustion" to "tentative buying" to "buyers gaining conviction."

Notice what we didn't do. We didn't name a pattern. We didn't call a trade. We just read the candles — body size, wick length, color, and position relative to the previous candle. That's the foundational skill. Pattern names are shortcuts for sequences like this, but the reading comes first.

Every pattern you'll learn starts with this: reading what happened in one session. The body shows conviction. The wicks show rejection. The volume shows participation. Master these three, and every pattern guide that follows will make more sense.

Candlestick patterns are just named shortcuts for stories that candles tell. The Hammer is a story about sellers failing to hold the low. The Engulfing is a story about one side completely overwhelming the other. The Doji is a story about neither side winning. Once you can read the candle, the pattern name is just a label.

Start with the body. Add the wicks. Check the volume. Read the sequence. That's the process — and it works the same way whether you're looking at a $10 stock or a $1,000 one.